Random Processes (5)

Classification of States

Different States and Classes?

스크린샷 2021-12-01 오후 3 48 42
→ 다음과 같은 State Transition Diagram이 시사하는 메시지를 생각해보자.

  1. Multiple Classes may exist.
    • State 3 can only be reached from 3.
    • State 1 and 2 can reach each other but no other state.
    • State 4, 5 and 6 all reach each other.
    • All states can be divided into three classes : {1, 2}, {3}, {4, 5, 6}
  2. Some states are visited infinite times, but some states are not.
    • If I start from stage 1, visit 1 infinite times.
    • If I start from stage 3, visit 3 only finite times. (move to other classes and don’t return)
  3. States in the same class share some properties.
    • State 2 will share the above properties with stage 1. (Self-visit infinite times)


Classification of States

  1. Accesible
    • Definition : State j is accessible from state i, if for some n, r(ij)(n) > 0
      → denoted by 스크린샷 2021-12-01 오후 4 19 28
  2. Communicate
    • Definition : If i is accessible from j and j is accessible from i, we say that i communicates with j.
      → denoted by 스크린샷 2021-12-01 오후 4 21 15
  3. Recurrent And Trasient
    • Definition : Let A(i) = {state accessible from i}, State i is recurrent, if j ∈ A(i), i is also accessible from j.
      → If A state that is not recurrent is transient.
    • 어렵다! i로부터 어떻게든 연결되어 있는 states(j)들이 i와 communicate할 때
    • 어떤 state가 Recurrent 속성을 갖고 있으면, 그 state에서 출발을 하면 언제가는 다시 돌아오게 된다.


Cont.


Periodicity

Steady-state Behaviors and Stationary Distribution


n-step transition prob. : r(ij)(n) for large n


Steady-state behavior : Why Important?

Steady-state Behavior : Convergence Condition


Steady-state Convergence Theorem


Long-term Frequency Interpretation


Example.

Stationary Distribution


Example.

Birth-Death Process

Example 1. Random Walk with Reflecting Barriers

Example 2. Queueing


Birth-Death Process

Transient behaviors

Motivating Questions


Special case : Every Recurrent State is Absorbing


For General MCs


Expected Time to Any Recurrent State

Expected Time to a Particular Recurrent State s